Native Americans

The Dawes Act of 1887, also known as the General Allotment Act, was a law that allowed the US government to divide Native American reservation land into individual plots. The act was intended to assimilate Native Americans into white society.

In the Indian Citizenship Act, Congress that declared that Indigenous persons born within the United States are US citizens.

Although the Fourteenth Amendment i n1868 provided that any person born in the United States was a citizen, there was an exception for persons not "…

<p><span class="deck"> The Middle West has put its stamp on many artists’ work</span> </p>

<p><span class="deck"> Minnesota’s Sioux uprising began with senseless murder on a peaceful Sunday afternoon. Before it ended, the smell of death was everywhere</span> </p>

<p><span class="deck"> One innovation profoundly changed—and prolonged—the culture of the Plains Indians</span> </p>

<p><span class="deck"> <span class="typestyle"> In words and pictures, George Catlin recorded the secret ceremony, a blend of mysticism and horrific cruelty, by which the Mandans initiated their braves and conjured the life-sustaining buffalo.</span> </span></p>

<p>Supporters of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School believed that complete absorption of the Indian into American society was best for everyone</p>

<p><span class="deck"> <span class="typestyle"> Between the ages of fifteen and twenty, young Peter Rindisbacher captured on canvas the lives of Indians and white pioneers on the Manitoba—Minnesota frontier</span> </span></p>

<p><span class="deck"> THE EARNEST QUAKER JOHN WOOLMAN PREACHED AND ACTUALLY PRACTICED THE BROTHERHOOD OF MAN</span> </p>

<p>No battle in American history has won more attention than the relatively insignificant defeat at the Little Bighorn River in 1876.</p>

<p><span class="deck"> <span class="typestyle"> The tragedy of Black Hawk, who became the eponym of a war he tried to avoid</span> </span></p>

<p><span class="deck">A FAMOUS HISTORIAN RECALLS THE COUNTRY WHERE HE GREW UP</span></p>

<p>Isolation ends for “the People of Peace”</p>

<p>Caught between two cultures, a young Sioux sought to make himself a hero—by killing an army officer</p>

<p><span class="deck"> THUS SPAKE THE GREAT INDIAN CHIEF TECUMSEH, PREDICTING— SOME BELIEVED—THE SERIES OF VIOLENT EARTHQUAKES THAT STRUCK THE MIDWEST IN THE WINTER OF 1811–12</span> </p>

<p>In the snarled disputes in 1790 over the Yazoo land claims (now large parts of Alabama and Mississippi), George Washington and an educated Creek chieftain turned out to be the diplomatic kingpins</p>

<p><span class="deck"><span class="typestyle">The discoverer of the New World was responsible for the annihilation of the peaceful Arawak Indians</span> </span></p>

<p>No event in the history of Western man provided so profound a shock as the discovery of America</p>

<p><span class="deck"> <span class="typestyle"> How the Generals Viewed the Indians</span> </span></p>

<p>Why have Americans perceived nature as something to be conquered?</p>

<p>In recent years many voices—both Native-American and white—have questioned whether Indians did in fact invent scalping. What is the evidence?</p>

<p><span class="deck"> <span class="typestyle"> The granite was tough—but so was Gutzon Borglum</span> </span></p>

<p><span class="deck"> <span class="typestyle"> A Last Link with the Living Frontier</span> </span></p>

<p>Thousands of Native American pictographs and petroglyphs are at risk from vandalism amd theft.</p>

<p>The hands of Pueblo potter Maria Martinez have reached back across more than seven hundred years of history to create pottery that is now proudly displayed in museums and private collections all over the world.</p>

<p><span class="deck"><span class="typestyle">The mysterious diseases that nearly wiped out the Indians of New England were the work of the Christian God — or so both Pilgrims and Indians believed.</span></span></p>

<p><span class="deck"> <span class="typestyle"> Henry Morion Stanley, who later found Dr. Livingstone, reports the Treaty of Medicine Lodge, Kansas, October, 1867</span> </span></p>

<p>One hundred years ago, Congress created two agencies—the U.S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Ethnology. Both, according to the author, have since “given direction, form, and stimulation to the science of earth and the science of man, and in so doing have touched millions of lives.”</p>

<p><span class="deck"> <span class="typestyle"> A trooper’s firsthand account of an adventure with the<br />
Indian-fighting army in the American Southwest</span> </span></p>

<p><span class="deck"> A Cheyenne Self-Portrait</span> </p>

<p><span class="deck"> <span class="typestyle"> A photographic portrait of Lake Placid, New York, in the pre-Olympic Age</span> </span></p>

<p><span class="deck"> <span class="typestyle"> America’s First Native Cookbook</span> </span></p>

<p><span class="deck"> Fort Adobe</span> </p>

<p><span class="deck">New Orleans cuisine, with its French roux, African okra, Indian filé, and Spanish peppers, is literally a gastronomic melting pot. Here’s how it all came together.</span></p>

<p><span class="deck">This is not a test. It’s the real thing.</span></p>

<p><span class="deck">Did the Indians have a special, almost noble, affinity with the American environment, or were they despoilers of it? Two historians of the environment explain the profound clash of cultures between Indians and whites that has made each group almost incomprehensible to the other.</span></p>

<p><span class="deck"> A journey through a wide and spellbinding land, and a look at the civilization along its edges.</span> </p>

<p><span class="deck"> From Fort Ticonderoga to the Plaza Hotel, from Appomattox Courthouse to Bugsy Siegel’s weird rose garden in Las Vegas, the present-day scene is enriched by knowledge of the American past</span> </p>

<p><span class="deck"><lead_in> AFTER CENTURIES OF CONFLICT OVER THEIR RIGHTS AND POWERS,</lead_in> Indian tribes now increasingly make and enforce their own laws, often answerable to no one in the United States government. Is this the rebirth of their ancient independence or a new kind of legalized segregation? </span></p>

<p><span class="deck">Indian policy has always had more to do with current social thinking than with actual tribal life.</span></p>